Reseña de «Los pobres», de William T. Vollmann

  *Un artículo de David Lera, librero en Artemis librería(León) Desde hace años, Ricardo Menéndez Salmón nos persuade con sus Iluminaciones. Por su pluma crítica han desfilado autores …

William Vollmann - Los pobres

 

*Un artículo de David Lera, librero en Artemis librería(León)

Desde hace años, Ricardo Menéndez Salmón nos persuade con sus Iluminaciones. Por su pluma crítica han desfilado autores consagrados, literaturas pretéritas con un poso muy fuerte en nuestra tradición cultural, pero también outsiders que suelen encontrar refugio en los arrabales del mundillo literario. De su época de colaboración con el suplemento de cultura del ABC data una reseña encomiástica de Europa Central (Mondadori), novela de William T. Vollmann, un escritor muy poco traducido al español y casi desconocido por estos lares. El libro desgrana hitos fundamentales de la historia europea del s. xx a través del análisis de personajes -reales y ficticios-, asentado en un inmenso alijo documental que, en las manos del estadounidense, se transforma en un relato inusitado, impetuoso, descortés con el establecimiento de fronteras entre géneros narrativos. Un lector como yo quedó prendado. Cuando a petición de alguien hago un repaso de mis lecturas señeras, este libro siempre aparece entre los tres o cuatro que cito.

Pero, ¿Quién es William T. Vollmann? En su biografía restalla un suceso trágico: la muerte por ahogamiento de su hermana menor de seis años cuando él, de nueve, estaba cuidándola. Algunos encuentran en este sentimiento de culpa perenne la clave de su implicación extrema en todo lo que aborda. Así, no dudó en compartir la primera línea con los muyahidines afganos en su lucha contra el ocupante soviético. El fruto de aquella experiencia lo plasmó en An Afghanistan picture show: or, how I saved the World (Melville House). Historias del Arcoíris (Pálido Fuego) y para Gloria (El Aleph) se nutrieron de sus vivencias en el Tenderloin, barrio céntrico de San Francisco que no esconde la crudeza de las drogas y la prostitución. Y, en fin, recogió en persona los testimonios de los desdichados habitantes de la zona cero de Fukushima para escribir Into the Forbidden Zone (Byliner).

El recuento -nada exhaustivo, pues su amplia bibliografía da para mucho más- nos apunta un escritor y periodista afín al trabajo de campo. Visita archivos y lee mucho, por supuesto, pero privilegia el contacto directo, aun a costa de arriesgar su vida.

Los pobres es un ensayo singular, desde el enunciado de los cinco apartados en que se divide (Autodefiniciones, Fenómenos, Opciones, Esperanzas y Marcadores de posición) hasta su propia génesis, un cara a cara sin cortapisas entre el entrevistador y los entrevistados. No es la primera ni la última vez que a los marginados se les concede la palabra, pero en pocas ocasiones encontraremos tanta comprensión hacia los argumentos y tan pocos prejuicios. “Sé lo poco que sé”, afirma Vollmann en la introducción. Asistimos a un viaje que corrige rutas erróneas y realiza la cartografía de territorios vírgenes. Cristalizaciones como ésta ocurren muy de vez en cuando. Me vienen a la cabeza Seguir viviendo (Galaxia Gutenberg), las memorias de la judía vienesa Ruth Klüger, y Continente Salvaje (Galaxia Gutenberg), del historiador británico Keith Lowe; dos ejemplos que arrumban estereotipos y abarcan una extensa gama de grises. Sirvan estas palabras del autor como declaración de intenciones:

“Como deseo respetar las percepciones y experiencias de los pobres, me niego a decir que sé lo que les conviene mejor que ellos; en consecuencia, me niego también a dedicarles la condescendencia de la compasión que, o bien finge que carecen de opciones por completo, o bien, peor aún, dora todas sus elecciones con mi benevolente aprobación. Una vez más enuncio lo obvio: los pobres no son ni más ni menos humanos que yo; por tanto, merecen ser juzgados y comprendidos precisamente como hago conmigo mismo”.

Porque la investigación pretende ser algo más que una mera sucesión de historias orales, Vollmann pone en solfa la lógica de la pobreza. Relativiza el nivel de rentas como vara de medir y prefiere centrarse en la percepción. Esta entrada de la subjetividad en el campo de juego enriquece las reflexiones, que se vuelven mucho más agudas, y le permite fijar una serie de categorías, antitéticas algunas de ellas en apariencia, que acotan la complejidad buscada. Descubrimos que, acaso, el trabajo de algunas chicas en redes de prostitución para pagarse el oneroso pasaje de la inmigración ilegal sea una alternativa que deba de juzgarse al hilo de su situación anterior en su país de origen. Comprendemos que el lenitivo de la música o la pintura procura un importante grado de felicidad a una existencia material miserable. Percibimos, con cierto azoramiento, la ambivalencia del burka, símbolo por antonomasia de la invisibilidad y la discriminación de la mujer para nosotros, y que se torna en emblema del respeto que dicen sentir los afganos -fundamentalistas religiosos o no- por sus mujeres. Captamos la frontera borrosa que separa el altruismo de la satisfacción puramente egoísta o la caridad de la humillación. Éstos y otros muchos, a lo largo del libro, son dilemas morales que no admiten una respuesta fácil.

Vollmann reconoce sus propias limitaciones en la tarea que se ha impuesto: “para mí ellos eran tan visibles como los crepúsculos en una habitación oscura; ahora, lo que puedo ver de ellos son instantáneas de esos crepúsculos, escudriñadas, probablemente, más allá del rigor hasta tocar la fantasía”. El temor ante un retrato incompleto o animado por elucubraciones sin base real parece un reproche vano. Más bien, el lector agradece las continuas vueltas de tuerca, un ejercicio que revela explicaciones sugerentes.

En el libro abundan perlas de pensamiento que, a modo de aforismos, el autor nos regala: “La muerte es inevitable, pero a todos nos gusta creer en la inmortalidad de nuestros bienes raíces. Propiedad, o bien significa algo, o bien no significa nada. La facultad de expropiar es incomprensible”; o: “Las culturas, como los poemas, se forman a base de restricciones. Un espacio negativo, la curvatura interna de una botella, también es una frontera positiva”; o: “Pobreza equivale a invisibilidad, salvo cuando la pobreza insiste en sí misma y proclama a voces su repugnancia”. Tres ejemplos que no son los únicos.

La escritura, de un valor literario indudable, adquiere también a veces un tono poético. Para referirse al alcoholismo de Sunee, por ejemplo, Vollmann dice que “bebía felicidad con el fin de obtener alivio de la tristeza”. Las descripciones cautivan porque no sólo dibujan paisajes o acercan la imagen física de las personas entrevistadas sino que muestran esencias. Léanse los pasajes sobre Nan Ning, Kioto, Kazajstán o el viaje en moto con Gary por la jungla filipina. Son fragmentos verdaderamente maravillosos. Un lenguaje con tanta fuerza convierte la mayoría de la ocasiones en innecesario el apéndice fotográfico que acompaña al texto.

Culminamos la lectura entre la incertidumbre por la caída parcial de algunas convicciones y la lucidez ganada tras la exploración de lo inadvertido.“Para mí -escribe el autor-, la pobreza no es mera privación, porque la gente puede poseer menos cosas que yo y ser más rica; la pobreza es desdicha. Por tanto, debe de tener más de experiencia que de estado económico. En consecuencia, sigue siendo hasta cierto punto inconmensurable. […] mi mejor manera de concebir la pobreza es como una serie de categorías perceptivas”. Una propuesta de definición que suscribimos.

Título: Los pobres

Autor: William T. Vollmann

Editorial: Debate

ISBN: 978-84-8306-854-0

 

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